abstention

2nd Circuit Confirms Abstention From Case Challenging Protections Afforded Disabled New Yorkers

Article 81 of the New York Mental Hygiene Law primarily deals with guardianship proceedings for elderly, disabled adults. Photo: Daniel Acker/Bloomberg News

The U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit decided Friday against federal court intervention in a challenge implicating the New York state court system’s handling of certain surrogate’s court guardianship proceedings for failing to provide vulnerable people with proper protections.

The panel of Circuit Judges José Cabranes, Gerard Lynch and Denny Chin opted to uphold the decision by U.S. District Judge Alvin Hellerstein of the Southern District of New York to abstain in the suit. Brought by Disability Rights New York against the state court system, the litigation sought federal intervention to address the alleged constitutional violations faced by two different groups in New York Surrogate’s Courts.

The suit claimed individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities involved in guardianship proceedings under Article 17A of the Surrogate’s Court Procedure Act were being deprived of the more robust procedures of Article 81 of the New York Mental Hygiene Law that primarily deals with guardianship proceedings for elderly, disabled adults.

Hellerstein agreed with attorneys for the state that the district court should abstain from the case under the U.S. Supreme Court decisions in 1971’s Younger v. Harris and the subsequent decision in 1974’s O’Shea v. Littleton, both of which place limits on federal intervention into state courts’ business.

On appeal, the panel upheld the district court’s decision, relying on the same progeny of cases. O’Shea in particular informed the panel’s opinion, as it expanded the deference to review of court proceedings even absent parallel litigation at the state level. Additionally, O’Shea has been extended into the civil realm in the context of operation in state courts, the panel noted.

O’Shea has played a role in guarding New York’s courts against intrusion by their sister federal courts, the panel noted. In Kaufman v. Kaye the circuit abstained from declaring the state court’s system for assigning cases among panels of appellate judges in violation of the U.S. Constitution, out of concern of running afoul of the kinds of piecemeal interruptions of state proceedings condemned in O’Shea.

“Ongoing, case‐by‐case oversight of state courts, like the New York Surrogateʹs Court, is exactly the sort of interference OʹShea seeks to avoid,” the panel wrote.

Disability Rights New York argued, among a number of points, that federal courts have often ruled on state statutes as being unconstitutional, citing the landmark same-sex marriage ruling in Obergefell v. Hodges and the Sixth Amendment protections in sentencing of Blakely v. Washington.

The difference, the panel found, was DRNY sought a “more substantial invasion of the state courts’ domain” by pre-emptively reviewing a state court procedure, while the other citations challenged the substance of state statutes and appealed a final judgment of the state courts, respectively.

A spokeswoman for the disability rights group said it was still reviewing the decision and had no comment.

New York State Unified Court System spokesman Lucian Chalfen said in a statement, “The courts apply the statutes as enacted by the legislature and if the federal courts invalidate them we will act accordingly.”

RELATED:

‘Estate of Seiden’: An Opening of the Floodgates, or a Crack in the Wall? Presumption of Death: What Happens When an Individual Vanishes From Society? In ‘Bellwether,’ Judge Rejects Spousal Share for Caretaker Who Married Businessman at Life’s End

SJ Reconsiders Recusal Policy Following Councilwoman’s Abstention From Ellis Act Vote

It happened so quickly and garnered such cursory media coverage that it was easy to miss. But San Jose Councilwoman Maya Esparza’s recusal last week from a discussion about rent control ignited an important debate about who gets to shape city policy.

First, a recap.

On Feb. 5, six members of the City Council voted to authorize a study about whether the Ellis Act discourages new development. Under the Ellis Act ordinance, developers that raze old rent-controlled properties must put at least half the new units or the number of apartments removed from the market—whichever is greater—under price stabilization.

Before councilors heard the item, Esparza announced that she’d sit this one out because she lives in a rent-controlled apartment. Mayor Sam Liccardo, who announced her recusal from the item he placed on the agenda, seemed a bit taken aback. As did several members of the public in the audience that night who wondered why the same rationale didn’t apply to the body’s resident landlord, Councilman Johnny Khamis.

City Attorney Rick Doyle offered a brief explanation that night. That basically, because several rent-controlled tenants who work in the city’s housing division had to recuse themselves from working on rent control-related policies, Esparza should be held to the same standard. On Twitter, Khamis rationalized his inclusion in the vote by saying he doesn’t own a rent-controlled property (rather, he rents out a single-family home to one tenant). The few other renters on the council were allowed to weigh in on the Ellis Act item last week for the same reason: because the policy up for discussion applied specifically to rent-controlled properties.

All of that seems consistent with the way San Jose has interpreted the Fair Political Practice Committee (FPPC)’s conflict-of-interest rules for the past 18 months, when the city began modernizing local tenant protections for the first time in decades.

But it could change. Especially now that a complaint filed by Silicon Valley De-Bug tenant rights activist Liz Gonzalez may bring the issue before the city’s Ethics Commission.

Doyle, who told San Jose Inside that he advised Esparza to abstain from last week’s vote “out of an abundance of caution,” said the District 7 rep’s induction on the council has prompted his office to reconsider its take on FPPC recusal rules.

“I’m asking my staff to revisit this issue, to give advice about what if anything she needs to recuse herself in the future,” he clarified. “The council will decide what to do with it, but it is something we’re looking into.”

Under FPPC rules, not all conflicts of interest preclude public officials from participating in a government decision. There are two limited allowances: one being that the official is legally required to participate and the other involving something known as the “public generally exception.” That is, if the officials’ interests are indistinguishable from the public at large, then he or she can deliberate on the matter and cast a vote.

It’s up to each jurisdiction to determine the specifics of that threshold if it goes above and beyond the one set by the FPPC.

Last year, Palo Alto Mayor Liz Kniss recused herself from a vote on tenant protections because her family has a financial interest in some rental properties in the city. Several months prior, a landlord in Mountain View tried unsuccessfully to get Rental Housing Committee member Emily Ramos ousted from her position because of her tenancy in a cost-stabilized apartment unit.

A Glendale councilman last year abstained from a vote on freezing rent hikes because he owns apartment buildings. A few year prior, the issue came up in Richmond when Mayor Tom Butt, who owned three rental properties at the time, angered tenant advocates by refusing to recuse himself from voting on rent control policies.

Jo-Ellen Pozner, an assistant professor of management at the Santa Clara University Leavey School of Business who studies governance ethics, said the appearance of conflict should be enough to merit recusal. And the appearance of a double standard should be enough to merit recusal of both landlords and tenants on the council. Ideally, the city would have a detailed enough rationale to justify it either way, she added.

“The optics aren’t great,” Pozner said in a phone interview. “That’s why the best practice would be to have a strong policy on recusal.”

Hammering out the details of that policy can be tricky, not least because councilors, as residents of the city they represent, should have a vested interest in the policies they impact. Whether that interest presents a conflict, however, is a matter of degree.

Had Esparza voted against the Ellis Act analysis last week, it still wouldn’t have been enough to change the outcome. Only four council members—Raul Peralez, Sergio Jimenez, Magdalena Carrasco and Sylvia Arenas—opposed it. (With Esparza, not incidentally, that would have comprised every Latino on the council). But, as Peralez pointed out from the dais that night, Esparza’s experience as someone who lives in a rent-controlled property could have brought valuable insight to the conversation.

Esparza said she plans to meet with Doyle as soon as possible.

“Their advice at the time was for me to recuse myself,” she said of last week’s abstention. “But I can tell you that we’re going to do more work on this issue.”

Jennifer Wadsworth is the news editor for San Jose Inside and Metro Newspaper. Email tips to [email protected] or follow her on Twitter at @jennwadsworth.

PHP Steel Mills workers observe work abstention for pay hike

Later, they returned to work following assurance from the factory authorities of fulfilling their demand within a month

Workers of PHP Steel Mills Ltd demanding a pay hike observed a four-hour work abstention at the factory premises on Sunday. 

Later, they returned to work following assurance from the factory authorities of fulfilling their demand within a month. 

Demanding salary increase, the workers began abstaining from work at 7am and took position on the factory premises. But they returned to work at 11am, after holding a tripartite meeting with the factory authorities, with mediation of the police. 

According to Industrial Police, some 1,600 workers, both permanent and casual, work at the factory, located at Kumira area under Sitakunda upazila of Chittagong.

Talking to the Dhaka Tribune, Delwar Hossain, officer-in-charge of Sitakunda police station, said the workers observed work abstention for four hours demanding a pay rise. 

"On information, we rushed to the scene and held a meeting with representatives of the striking workers, in presence of the factory authorities. Later, the factory authorities assured them of fulfilling their demand, and the workers called off their work abstention programme," said Delwar, adding that the situation is now under control, without any untoward incident occurring.